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PMID: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Feb ;13(2):224. Epub 2016 Feb 17. PMID: 26901211 Abstract Title: Environmental Exposure to Triclosan and Semen Quality. Abstract: Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxy-diphenyl ether, TCS) is widely used in personal care, household, veterinary and industrial products. It was considered as a potential male reproductive toxicant in previous in vitro and in vivo studies. However, evidence from human studies is scarce. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between TCS exposure and semen quality. We measured urinary TCS concentrations in 471 men recruited from a male reproductive health clinic. TCS was detected in 96.7% of urine samples, with a median concentration of 0.97 ng (mg·creatinine)(-1) (interquartile range, 0.41-2.95 ng (mg·creatinine)(-1)). A multiple linear regression analysis showed a negative association between natural logarithm (Ln) transformed TCS concentration (Ln-TCS) and Ln transformed number of forward moving sperms (adjusted coefficient β = -0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) (-0.32, -0.02). Furthermore, among those with the lowest tertile of TCS level, Ln-TCS was negatively associated with the number of forward moving sperms (β = -0.35; 95% CI (-0.68, -0.03)), percentage of sperms with normal morphology (β = -1.64; 95% CI (-3.05, -0.23)), as well as number of normal morphological sperms, sperm concentration and count. Our findings suggest that the adverse effect of TCS on semen quality is modest at the environment-relevant dose in humans. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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PMID: Toxicol In Vitro. 2016 Mar 10 ;34:35-44. Epub 2016 Mar 10. PMID: 26970259 Abstract Title: LINE-1 gene hypomethylation and p16 gene hypermethylation in HepG2 cells induced by low-dose and long-term triclosan exposure: The role of hydroxyl group. Abstract: Triclosan (TCS), a frequently used antimicrobial agent in pharmaceuticals and personal care products, exerts liver tumor promoter activities in mice. Previous work showed high-dose TCS (1.25-10μM) induced global DNA hypomethylation in HepG2 cells. However, whether or how tumor suppressor gene methylation changed in HepG2 cells after low-dose and long-term TCS exposure is still unknown. We investigate here the effects and mechanisms of DNA methylation of global DNA(GDM), repetitive genes,and liver tumor suppressor gene (p16) after exposing HepG2 cells to low-dose TCS (0.625-5nM)for two weeks using HPLC-MS/MS, Methylight, Q-MSP, Pyrosequencing, and Massarray methods. We found that low-dose TCS exposure decreased repetitive elements LINE-1 methylation levels, but not global DNA methylation, through down-regulating DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1) and MeCP2 (methylated DNA binding domain) expression, and up-regulating 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Interestingly, low-dose TCS elevated p16 gene methylation and inhibited p16 expression, which were not observed in high-dose (10μM) group. Meanwhile, methyl-triclosan could not induce these two types of DNA methylation changes, suggesting the involvement of hydroxyl in TCS-mediated DNA methylation changes. Collectively, our results suggested low concentrations of TCS adversely affected HepG2 cells through DNA methylation dysregulation, and hydroxyl group in TCS played an important role in the effects. This study provided a better understanding on hepatotoxicity of TCS at environmentally relevant concentrations through epigenetic pathway.
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PMID: Clin Transl Allergy. 2016 ;6:13. Epub 2016 Apr 5. PMID: 27051518 Abstract Title: Triclosan promotes epicutaneous sensitization to peanut in mice. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Peanut allergy is increasing in prevalence due to unknown factors. A growing body of clinical evidence suggests sensitization to peanut occurs through the skin, supported by findings in mouse models. There is a need to identify environmental factors that promote epicutaneous sensitization to peanut. Triclosan is an antimicrobial found in household products that has been associated with food sensitization in humans. We tested the impact of triclosan on epicutaneous sensitization to peanut, as well as the milk allergenα-lactalbumin (ALA).RESULTS: We observed that topical triclosan promoted epicutaneous sensitization to both peanut and ALA, and promoted anaphylaxis to peanut.CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the mouse model of epicutaneous sensitization to foods is effective for demonstrating the clinically significant impact of environmental factors such as triclosan on food allergy.
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PMID: J Appl Toxicol. 2016 Mar 28. Epub 2016 Mar 28. PMID: 27111768 Abstract Title: Triclosan is a mitochondrial uncoupler in live zebrafish. Abstract: Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic antimicrobial agent used in many consumer goods at millimolar concentrations. As a result of exposure, TCS has been detected widely in humans. We have recently discovered that TCS is a proton ionophore mitochondrial uncoupler in multiple types of living cells. Here, we present novel data indicating that TCS is also a mitochondrial uncoupler in a living organism: 24-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos. These experiments were conducted using a Seahorse Bioscience XF(e) 96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer modified for bidirectional temperature control, using the XF96 spheroid plate to position and measure one zebrafish embryo per well. Using this method, after acute exposure to TCS, the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increases, without a decrease in survival or heartbeat rate. TCS also decreases ATP-linked respiration and spare respiratory capacity and increases proton leak: all indicators of mitochondrial uncoupling. Our data indicate, that TCS is a mitochondrial uncoupler in vivo, which should be taken into consideration when assessing the toxicity and/or pharmaceutical uses of TCS. This is the first example of usage of a Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer to measure bioenergetic flux of a single zebrafish embryo per well in a 96-well assay format. The method developed in this study provides a high-throughput tool to identify previously unknown mitochondrial uncouplers in a living organism. Copyright© 2016 John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.
via Health News Spirulina http://www.greenmedinfo.com/article/triclosan-mitochondrial-uncoupler-live-zebrafish Acute exposure to triclosan has the potential to cause subtle cardiac toxicity in developing fish.5/31/2016
PMID: Zebrafish. 2016 Apr 20. Epub 2016 Apr 20. PMID: 27097057 Abstract Title: Cardiac Toxicity of Triclosan in Developing Zebrafish. Abstract: Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent found in personal care products that has become prevalent in surface waters. TCS readily bioaccumulates within aquatic organisms, and has been found to be toxic to fish. In larval fishes, exposure to TCS disrupts a variety of developmental processes, impairs hatching success, and causes pericardial edema. In mammals, TCS exposure disrupts excitation-contraction-coupling in cardiac cells, which is associated with reductions in cardiac output. Here, we examine the impacts of TCS on heart function to better understand potential risks that TCS may pose to wild fish. Zebrafish were exposed to 0, 0.4, 40, and 400 μg TCS/L from 8 to 120 h postfertilization via static waterborne exposure with daily renewal. We examined the incidence of pericardial edema, and the impacts on heart structure and heart function. While incidence of pericardial edema increased following exposure to ≥40 μg TCS/L and the structure of the heart was altered, cardiac output was only reduced following exposure to 400 μg TCS/L. A small but significant proportion of embryos showed increased incidence of regurgitation following exposure to ≥0.4 μg TCS/L. Our findings suggest that acute exposure to TCS has the potential to cause subtle cardiac toxicity in developing fish, and further evaluation of the risks TCS pose to wild fish and human health is needed.
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PMID: PLoS One. 2016 ;11(5):e0154758. Epub 2016 May 5. PMID: 27149376 Abstract Title: Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Triclosan on the Placenta in Pregnant Rats. Abstract: Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is frequently used in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Reports have shown that TCS is a potential endocrine disruptor; however, the potential effects of TCS on placental endocrine function are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine disrupting effects of TCS on the placenta in pregnant rats. Pregnant rats from gestational day (GD) 6 to GD 20 were treated with 0, 30, 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg/d TCS followed by analysis of various biochemical parameters. Of the seven tissues examined, the greatest bioaccumulation of TCS was observed in the placenta. Reduction of gravid uterine weight and the occurrence of abortion were observed in the 600 mg/kg/d TCS-exposed group. Moreover, hormone detection demonstrated that the serum levels of progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and prolactin (PRL) were decreased in groups exposed to higher doses of TCS. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) analysis revealed a significant increase in mRNA levels for placental steroid metabolism enzymes, including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), estrogen sulfotransferase 1E1 (SULT1E1), steroid 5α-reductase 1 (SRD5A1) and steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2). Furthermore, the transcriptional expression levels of progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR) were up-regulated. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the placenta was a target tissue of TCSand that TCS induced inhibition of circulating steroid hormone production might be related to the altered expression of hormone metabolism enzyme genes in the placenta. This hormone disruption might subsequently affect fetal development and growth.
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PMID: Endocrinology. 2016 May 4:en20161080. Epub 2016 May 4. PMID: 27145008 Abstract Title: Genomic Effect of Triclosan on the Fetal Hypothalamus: Evidence for Altered Neuropeptide Regulation. Abstract: Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial compound commonly added to personal care products, could be an endocrine disruptor at low doses. Although TCS has been shown to alter fetal physiology, its effects in the developing fetal brain are unknown. We hypothesize that exposure to TCS during fetal life could affect fetal hypothalamic gene expression. The objective of this study was to use transcriptomics and systems analysis to identify significantly altered biological processes in the late gestation ovine fetal hypothalamus after direct or indirect exposure to low doses of TCS. For direct TCS exposure, chronically catheterized late gestation fetal sheep were infused with vehicle (n=4) or TCS (250μ g/day; n=4) iv. For indirect TCS exposure, TCS (100 μ g/kg/day; n=3) or vehicle (n=3) was infused into the maternal circulation. Fetal hypothalami were collected after 2 days of infusion, and gene expression was measured through microarray. Hierarchical clustering of all samples according to gene expression profiles showed that samples from the TCS treated animals clustered apart from the controls. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that fetal hypothalamic genes stimulated by maternal and fetal TCS infusion were significantly enriching for cell cycle, reproductive process, and feeding behavior, while the inhibited genes were significantly enriching for chromatin modification and metabolism of steroids, lipoproteins, fatty acids, and glucose (p
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PMID: J Environ Qual. 2016 May ;45(3):1029-35. PMID: 27136171 Abstract Title: Fate of Triclosan in Irrigated Soil: Degradation in Soil and Translocation into Onion and Tomato. Abstract: This study determined the fate of triclosan, a prevalent wastewater contaminant in recycled waters and surface streams, when soil and crop plants were irrigated at environmentally relevant concentrations. Soil triclosan concentrations were monitored in an 8-wk and in a 16-wk study without plants to determine triclosan degradation. Onion ( O. Fedtsch.) and tomato ( L.) were assessed for growth and triclosan accumulation at four levels of triclosan exposure (0, 0.015, 0.15, and 1.5µg L) in irrigation waters within ranges of those found in recycled waters and associated receiving streams. Onions were grown for 8 wk and tomatoes were grown for 8 wk (short-term study) and 12 wk (long-term study) in potting soil. Soil triclosan concentrations increased (5-fold) with triclosan levels applied to soils alone. With repeated application, the half-life of triclosan was 18 d, with low-level accumulation in soil. Bioaccumulation of triclosan was observed in all edible portions of onions (115-435 ng g), primarily in bulbs, with no discernible impact on biomass. In both short- and long-term tomato studies, triclosan translocated to shoots and fruits (approaching a translocation factor of 1) at the highest level examined. Even at low triclosan concentrations typically found in recycled waters and receiving streams, agricultural irrigation presents an additional exposure route for organic contaminants to humans via commercial crops. Our study indicates that bulb crops, in particular, would likely accumulate high levels of triclosan. However, concentrations detected in both onions and tomato fruits determined here are below current human exposure limits.
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PMID: J Hazard Mater. 2016 Mar 11. Epub 2016 Mar 11. PMID: 27156397 Abstract Title: Association of birth outcomes with fetal exposure to parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in an immigrant population in Brooklyn, New York. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest associations between fetal exposure to antimicrobial and paraben compounds with adverse reproductive outcomes, mainly in animal models. We have previously reported elevated levels of these compounds for a cohort of mothers and neonates.OBJECTIVE: We examined the relationship between human exposure to parabens and antimicrobial compounds and birth outcomes including birth weight, body length and head size, and gestational age at birth.METHODS: Maternal third trimester urinary and umbilical cord blood plasma concentrations of methylparaben (MePB), ethylparaben (EtPB), propylparaben (PrPB), butylparaben (BuPB), benzylparaben (BePB), triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether or TCS) and triclocarban (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea or TCC), were measured in 185 mothers and 34 paired singleton neonates in New York, 2007-2009.RESULTS: In regression models adjusting for confounders, adverse exposure-outcome associations observed included increased odds of PTB (BuPB), decreased gestational age at birth (BuPB and TCC) and birth weight (BuPB), decreased body length (PrPB) and protective effects on PTB (BePB) and LBW (3'-Cl-TCC) (p
via Health News Spirulina http://www.greenmedinfo.com/article/study-provides-first-evidence-associations-between-antimicrobials-and-potentia Sunscreen and mouthwash may be important exposure sources for endocrine disrupting compounds.5/31/2016
PMID: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2016 May 11. Epub 2016 May 11. PMID: 27168391 Abstract Title: Personal care product use among adults in NHANES: associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and phenols and use of mouthwash and sunscreen. Abstract: Personal care product use is a well-established pathway of exposure for notable endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including phthalates, parabens, triclosan, benzophenone-3 (BP3), and bisphenol-A. We utilized questionnaire data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2012 cycles to examine the associations between use of sunscreen and mouthwash and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and phenols in a nationally representative population of US adults (n=3529). Compared with individuals who reported"Never"using mouthwash, individuals who reported daily use had significantly elevated urinary concentrations of mono-ethyl phthalate, methyl and propyl parabens, and BP3 (28%, 30%, 39%, and 42% higher, respectively). Individuals who reported"Always"using sunscreen had significantly higher urinary concentrations of triclosan, methyl, ethyl, and propyl parabens, and BP3 (59%, 92%, 102%, 151%, and 510% higher, respectively) compared with"Never"users of sunscreen. Associations between exposure biomarkers and sunscreen use were stronger in women compared with men, and associations with mouthwash use were generally stronger in men compared with women. These results suggest that sunscreen and mouthwash may be important exposure sources for EDCs.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 11 May 2016; doi:10.1038/jes.2016.27.
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